In August 2009, Clinton paid a private but "historic visit" to North Korea, during which he met with the late DPRK leader Kim Jong Il. Clinton returned with two American female reporters, Euna Lee and Laura Ling, who had been detained in North Korea. After returning to Washington, Clinton made a three-hour briefing of his visit in North Korea to President Obama, but did not put forward suggestions for improving U.S.-North Korea relationship.

In fact, tensions between North and South Koreas had eased somewhat at the end of Clinton's presidential tenure, showing a glimmer of hope for normalization of the relationship between North Korea and the United States. As a result of the improved bilateral interaction, then U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright paid a visit to North Korea in October 2000, but Clinton did not land in North Korea during his presidential tenure.

After George W. Bush replaced Clinton as president in 2001, he soon made an adjustment to U.S. policy toward North Korea. The normalization process was then shelved. Thereafter, North Korea insisted on developing nuclear weapons and carried out nuclear tests. In response, the Bush and Obama administrations have implemented a hostile policy toward North Korea, resulting in a diplomatic stalemate.

Racked relations

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has consolidated his absolute ruling power since his succession two years ago, but the young leader has not made breakthroughs in improving foreign relations.

The UN Security Council has imposed severe sanctions on North Korea since it carried out a third nuclear test in February 2013. The survival and development of North Korea has been seriously restricted and the country has fallen into extreme isolation amongst the international community.

The relationship between China and North Korea has also been strained, though they maintain working contact. China has sent senior officials to North Korea, including Wu Dawei, Special Representative of the Chinese Government on Korean Peninsular Affairs, and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Liu Zhenmin. However, the new leaders of the two countries have not exchanged visits to one another, indicating that the fundamental differences between China and North Korea have not been mended enough for Beijing to receive Kim Jong Un. China has stated that North Korea must first abandon its nuclear program to facilitate the resumption of the six-party talks on the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, which involves North Korea, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), China, the United States, Russia and Japan.

Under such circumstances, North Korea might hope to carry out all-round diplomacy to break isolation and sanctions. But the process is sure to be full of twists and turns.

In February, North Korea agreed to resume deputy-ministerial dialogue with South Korea that was suspended seven years ago and restore a meeting arrangement for families separated between North and South Koreas. But the dialogue was again frustrated by U.S.-South Korea joint military drills. In August, North Korea proposed sending a cheer squad to the 17th Asian Games to be held in South Korea's Inchon from September 19 to October 4, and then promptly canceled the proposal allegedly because South Korea could not meet some political demands.

According to North Korea's official news reports, economic delegations between North Korea and Russia are frequent. At the end of August, North Korean Deputy Foreign Minister Kim Hyung Jun was appointed ambassador to Russia—the first change in eight years—implying that Pyongyang wishes to boost North Korea-Russia ties. South Korean press reported that Kim Jong Un has sought to visit Russia, but Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov dismissed the rumors.

It has been some time since North Korea enhanced contact with Japan. At the end of May, North Korea and Japan reached consensus on resolving the abduction issue wherein Japanese citizens were kidnapped by North Korean agents in the 1970s and 1980s. North Korea agreed to resume its investigation into the fate of the Japanese hostages in exchange for Japan's easing of sanctions. But Japan later slowed the pace of improving ties with North Korea. It was also denied that Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe would pay a visit to North Korea, resulting from opposition by the United States and South Korea. The latter two fear that the U.S.-Japan-South Korea alliance would be weakened and efforts to force North Korea to abandon its nuclear program would derail if Japan loosens sanctions on North Korea.

In an additional effort by North Korea to break diplomatic isolation, Kang Sok Ju, a senior official in charge of foreign affairs in the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, North Korea's ruling party, started his visit to Germany, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland on September 6 and attended an international security meeting in Geneva.

Nuclear deadlock?

North Korea's diplomatic efforts deserve appropriate encouragement from the international community. If North Korea decides to give up its nuclear program and get on the track of developing its economy and improving people's livelihoods, Northeast Asia would benefit greatly. But if North Korea cannot gain recognition and response from the international community, it may instead continue its nuclear tests and missile launches, harming the interests of all parties in the region.

Currently, the nuclear issue is the biggest obstacle standing in the way of North Korea's prospects for overcoming diplomatic isolation. The international community has reached consensus and carried out cooperation on this issue. There is no denying that big powers have different ideas on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue, improving North-South Korea relations and establishing a peace mechanism on the Korean Peninsula. But denuclearization and lasting peace on the peninsula are the common demands of the international community. As such, if North Korea cannot show a constructive stance on the nuclear issue it will likely continue to be isolated.

China is the largest neighbor of North Korea. A good China-North Korea relationship is a prerequisite for the latter to resolve its current dilemma.

The cold relations between China and North Korea will probably last for some time, but the dialogue channel between the two has always been a valuable resource. For China, abandoning North Korea is not an option. Stable and sound China-North Korea ties are an indispensable part of China's neighboring diplomacy and its overall security strategy. However, their relationship must above all conform to the common strategic interests of both countries.

The author is an op-ed contributor to Beijing Review

Email us at: liuyunyun@bjreview.com