Born in Israel in 1945, Olmert is a graduate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with degrees in psychology, philosophy and law. He has had his own successful law practice in Israel.

Olmert was first elected to the Knesset, or parliament, in 1973 at the age of 28 and was reelected seven consecutive times. He served as minister of minorities (1988-90) and minister of health (1990-92). In 1981-88, he was a member of the Knesset's Foreign Affairs and Security Committee and has also served on the Finance, Education and Defense Budget Committees.

From 1993 to 2003, Olmert served two terms as mayor of Jerusalem, during which time he devoted himself to the initiation and advancement of major projects in the city, the development and improvement of the education system and the development of road infrastructure. He also spearheaded the development of the light rail system in Jerusalem and investment in the development of mass transportation options for the city.

In 2003-06, Olmert concurrently served as vice prime minister and minister of industry, trade, labor and communications, as well as minister responsible for the Israel Lands Administration and the Israel Broadcasting Authority.

After Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was felled by a stroke in early January 2006, Olmert was named acting prime minister. He has been prime minister since May 4, 2006, after winning election in March.

Olmert is married and the father of four.