-Transportation: The government will speed up the elimination of old energy intensive automobiles and development of diesel automobile, heavy-duty and special vehicle; popularize vans and promote special transport vehicles such as container vehicle; promote the implementation of national standard on vehicle fuel consumption limit to constrain the development of low fuel economy vehicles; accelerate the development of electrified railway; develop AC-DC-AC high efficient electric locomotive; promote pulling power factor compensation technology for electrified railways and other power saving measures, so as to improve electric power utilization efficiency; develop the technology of locomotive supplying power to passenger carriage; promote application of passenger carriage power supply and gradually reduce and eliminate diesel-fueled locomotive; adopt energy saving airplane, improve carriage rate, attendance rate and transportation turnover capability, improve fuel oil efficiency and reduce oil consumption; accelerate the elimination of old ships by formulating technical standard on ships and introduce new types of ships and advanced power system.

-Agricultural machinery: China will phase out backward agricultural machineries; apply advanced energy-saving diesel engine technology so as to reduce diesel consumption by engines; promote advanced mechanized farming technology such as non-tillage and combination processes; adopt more electric motors in fixed production sites; apply renewable energy such as hydro, wind and solar energy to agricultural machineries; improve the utilization efficiency and reduce fishery oil consumption by phasing out backward fishing ships.

-Building: The government will give priority to the development of green building design technology, building energy saving technology and equipment, integrated renewable energy device in buildings, fine construction and environmental friendly technology and equipment for construction, energy saving and environmentally-friendly building materials, energy saving technical standards, energy saving improvement technologies and standards for existing buildings.

-Commercial and residential energy conservation: The government will promote household and office electric appliances such as highly-efficient energy saving refrigerator, air conditioner, television and washing machine; reduce energy consumption of stand-by appliance; implement energy efficiency standard and labeling; standardize market of energy saving products; promote highly-efficient fluorescent lamp products such as phosphorus energy saving lamp, high intensity gas discharge lamp and electronic ballast, decrease the use of incandescent lamp, gradually eliminate high pressure mercury vapor lamp, implement energy efficiency standard on lighting product, and increase the proportion of high-efficiency energy saving fluorescent lamp.

(5) Further carry out the 10 key energy conservation priority programs in the Medium-and-Long-Term Energy Conservation Plan

China will actively promote the implementation of the 10 key energy conservation programs, namely the Upgrading of Low-Efficiency Coal-Fired Industrial Boiler (Kiln), District Heat and Power Cogeneration, Recovery of Residual Heat and Pressure, Oil Saving and Substitution, Energy Conservation of Motor System, Optimization of Energy System, Energy Conservation in Buildings, Green Lighting, Energy Conservation in Government Agencies, Building the Energy Conservation Monitoring, and Technological Support System. The government will ensure the progresses and effects of these key programs to realize stable capacity for energy conservation as early as possible. Through the implementation of these 10 programs, it is estimated that 240 million tons of coal equivalent (ce) can be conserved during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2005~10), equivalent to 550 million tons of CO2 reductions.

4.1.3 Industrial processes

-To develop circular economy vigorously and follow the pattern of new industrialization. According to the principle of "reduction, reuse and recycle of waste" and the requirement of new industrialization, China will take various effective actions and measures to further promote the development of clean production and circular economy in industrial sector and to accelerate the building-up of a resource-conserving and environmentally-friendly society. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of industrial products, China will work hard to save the use of cement, lime, iron and steel, calcium carbide and other raw materials to the uttermost while satisfying the necessary demand of these industrial products for the legitimate social and economic development.

-To encourage the saving of iron and steel, and restrict the export of steel products. For this purpose, China will further carry out the Development Policy for Iron and Steel Industry, encourage substitution of renewable materials for iron and steel and recycle of waste steel to reduce steel use; encourage the application of the short-flow process technique using waste steel as material for steel production; organize the revision and improvement of the Standard for Constructional Steel Design and Utilization to reduce steel service factor on the precondition that safety is ensured; encourage the research, development and deployment of high-performance, low-cost and low-consumption new materials as substitute for steel; encourage iron and steel plants to produce high-strength steel and corrosion-resistant steel to enhance steel's strength and service life; restrict the export of ferroalloy, pig iron, waste steel, steel billet and ingot, rolled steel and other steel products; abolish the export tax rebate policy or at least lower the rebate rate for export of steel products.

-To further promote the production of bulk cement and slag cement. China will follow up the guideline of "discourage the production of bagging cement and encourage the development of bulk cement;" further strengthen the policy of collecting special fund for the development of bulk cement on selling and using of bagging cement from the producers and users; continue to implement tax concession and other preferential policies for slag cement and its products; further promote the processing technique of premixed concrete and ready-mixed mortar, so as to maintain the fast growth momentum of bulk cement.

-To vigorously launch the campaign of building materials conservation. Measures in this regard include: further promoting the construction of "four saving" buildings characterized by energy saving, water saving, material saving and land saving; putting forward the new building system; promoting the application of high-performance, low-consumption, renewable and recoverable building materials; promoting the application of high-strength and high-performance concrete; promoting the recovery and utilization of construction rubbish and waste; making full use of straw to produce plant fiber board; fulfilling the regulations on design, construction, material use accounting and other requirements; revising the relevant standard for material consumption of engineering project to guide enterprises to put forward material-saving technology progress.

-To strengthen the emission control of nitrous oxide and other kinds of greenhouse gases. Measures in this regard include: further promoting the development of CDM projects and other kinds of international cooperation in the sector of adipic acid production; actively seeking necessary financial resources and technical assistance for the emission control of nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6); renovating the facilities of off-gas recovery in nitrous oxide production plants to update the emission control techniques; taking various measures to reduce the emissions of these gases.

4.1.4 Agriculture

-Strengthen the establishment and implementation of laws and regulations. Measures in this regard include: gradually establishing and improving the system of laws and regulations based on the Law of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Law of Grassland of the People's Republic of China and Law on Land Management of the People's Republic of China, together with administrative rules and regulations, that can lead to improved agricultural production and increased agricultural ecosystem carbon storage; developing farmland and pasture protection construction plans, strictly controlling land reclamation in areas with fragile ecosystems, and forbidding any destruction of pasture or waste of land.

-Intensify the construction of ecological agriculture in highly intensive production areas. Measures in this regard include: implementing projects on prevention and control of agriculture non-point source pollution; extending technologies concerning reasonable use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to improve the farmland quality; implementing a new round of fertile soil program; scientifically applying chemical fertilizers and guiding the increased use of organic fertilizer to promote soil fertility and reduce emission of nitrous oxide from the croplands.

-Further enhance technology development and transfer. Measures in this regard include: selecting and breeding rice varieties with high yields and low GHG emission rates; promoting semi-dry rice cultivation technology, scientific irrigation, research and development of microorganism technology; reducing methane emission from rice paddies; researching and developing technologies to breed fine ruminant varieties; improving management practices for intensive livestock operations and reducing methane emission from livestock; further promoting straw treatment technology and enhancing the technologies for household-type biogas digesters; developing and transferring key technologies to produce environmentally sound fertilizers and to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from croplands; vigorously promoting the return of straws to croplands and non-tillage technologies to increase carbon sink in croplands.

4.1.5 Forestry

-Improve formulation and implementation of laws and regulations: China will accelerate the formulation, amendment and streamline of forestry related laws and regulations, including development of regulations on conservation of natural forests, regulations on transferring rights of forests, forest products and forest land use, etc.; enhance the implementation of laws and regulations by means of improving the system, strengthening inspection and expanding social supervision of law enforcement.

-Reform and optimize current industrial policies: The government will optimize target-oriented management responsibility system for afforestation by governments at all levels and forestry sectors; probe ways of national voluntary tree-planting under market economy; establish related policies to promote voluntary planting and governmental afforestation, so as to increase forest resources and carbon sequestration.

-Strengthen key forestry ecological programs: China will continuously implement key forestry programs, such as the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP), the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP), the Wind and Sand Source Control Program for Areas in the Vicinity of Beijing and Tianjin, the Key Shelterbelt Development Program in Such Regions as the Three North and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, the Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Program, so as to protect existing forest carbon stock and enhance carbon sequestration.

4.1.6 Urban wastes

-Strengthening the implementation of relevant laws and regulations, including the Law on Prevention of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste of the People's Republic of China, Regulations on the Management of City Appearance and Sanitation and Measures for the Management of Urban Living Garbage. The management focus will be shifted from the current end management to whole-process management, i.e. reduction of wastes from the source, recovery and utilization, and non-hazardous disposal. The processes of waste production and disposal will be normalized to the greatest possible extent, and the disposal of urban living garbage will be incorporated into the overall planning of the city.

-Further improving relevant industrial standard. According to the evolving requirement, compulsory standards for wastes classification and recovery shall be formulated, so as to improve the comprehensive utilization of wastes resource and reduce the amount of wastes from the source. The currently valid industrial standards, such as Standards for the Classification and Assessment of Urban Living Garbage, Technical Norms on Sanitary Landfill of Domestic Wastes, Standards for the Assessment of Non-Hazardous Landfill of Domestic Wastes, will be implemented more strictly and further revised, so as to improve the recovery and utilization of combustible gas from the landfills and reduce the emissions of methane from landfills.

-Reinforcing technological development and deployment. Great efforts will be made on the development and dissemination of advanced waste incineration technology in order to increase the localization of relevant technologies, decrease the cost and promote the industrialization of waste incineration technology. Research will be carried out on landfill gas recovery and utilization technologies and composting technologies suitable for China's circumstances and of suitable scale, and thus provide small and medium-sized cities as well as rural areas with waste disposal technology which is of urgent need. Greater support will be provided to the research, development, demonstration and dissemination of relevant technologies, and the development of waste disposal and comprehensive utilization technologies will be accelerated.

-Making full use of the guiding function of the industrial policy. Guided by the industrial policy, charging system for disposal of domestic waste will be established, and measures such as charging fee for sanitary service, system of contracted economic responsibilities and enterprise management of public entities will be implemented. These will promote the reform of the waste disposal system, improve the current dispersed wastes collection and utilization approaches, and thus promotes the industrial development of waste disposal.

-Formulating incentive policy for the recovery and utilization of landfill gas. Enterprises will be encouraged to construct and operate landfill gas collection and utilization facilities. The fee level for waste disposal will be increased, landfill gas power and waste incineration power projects will enjoy preferential feed-in tariff, and landfill gas recovery and utilization projects will enjoy preferential value-added tax and enterprise income tax relief and reduction within a certain period of time.

4.2 Key Areas for Adaptation to Climate Change

4.2.1 Agriculture

-Continue to improve agricultural infrastructures. China will accelerate the construction of supporting facilities of large-scale, water-saving irrigation areas; maintain/promote field engineering quality; upgrade aging electromechanical equipment; improve irrigation and drainage systems. The government will continue to expand demonstration on water-saving irrigation, build pilot projects in the main grain production area, develop dryland water-saving agriculture and build demonstration projects on dryland farming in arid areas; conduct small-scale hydraulic engineering focused on field irrigation and drainage projects, small-scale irrigation areas and watershed projects in the non-irrigation area for fighting drought; strengthen the control and restoration of middle and low-yield fields subject to salinization and alkalinization in the main grain production areas; accelerate the construction of water collection and utilization engineering in mountain areas and other arid areas.

-Promote adjustment of agricultural structure and cropping systems. China will optimize regional arrangement of agriculture; promote the centralization of preponderant agro-products to preponderant production areas in order to form the industrial zones of preponderant agricultural products and increase agricultural productivity; extend the planting areas of economic and forage crops, and promote the shift of the structure of cropping systems from dual structure with food crop and cash crop to ternary structure with food crop, cash crop and forage crop; adjust cropping systems, develop multiple cropping and raise multiple cropping indexes.

-Breed stress-resistant varieties. The government will select and cultivate new well-bred animal and crop varieties with high yield potential and quality, superior integrative stress resistance and wide adaptability; improve crop and variety arrangement; select and cultivate stress-resistant varieties with specific abilities of resistance to drought, waterlogging, high temperature as well as diseases and pests.

-Prevent aggravation of grassland desertification. The government will prevent further development of desertification by building artificial grassland, controlling grazing intensity, recovering vegetation and increasing vegetation coverage of grassland; strengthen the development of animal husbandry in the farm belt to improve the productivity of animal husbandry.

-Strengthen research and development of new technologies. China will develop new technologies and strive to make greater progress in the areas of photosynthesis, biological nitrogen fixation, bio-technology, prevention of diseases and pests, stress resistance and precision agriculture; continue to implement "seed project" and "well-bred species project for animal and fishery;" promote the construction of well-bred species bases for main crops, livestock and poultry; enhance agricultural technology extension and increase agriculture's ability to adopt new technologies.

4.2.2 Forests and other natural ecosystems

-Formulate and implement laws and regulations relevant to climate change adaptation. The government will accelerate the amendment of the Forest Law of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife; draft the Law of Nature Reserve; draw up the Regulations on Wetland Protection of the People's Republic of China; add or strengthen articles relevant to climate change adaptation to provide a legal guarantee for improving the capacity of forests and other natural ecosystems to adapt to climate change.

-Strengthen the effective protection of existing forest resources and other natural ecosystems. Th government will strictly protect natural forests in logging ban areas to convert natural forest ecosystems from degradation to progressive succession; conduct wetland conservation by effectively reducing human disturbance and damage to stop the declining trend of wetland area; expand total area and improve the quality of nature reserves and develop bio-corridors among reserves; strengthen forest fire control by establishing perfect systems for forest fire forecasting, monitoring, suppressing, saving, fuelbreaking and hazard assessing; effectively integrate existing forestry monitoring systems into a comprehensive one for forest resources and other ecosystems; enhance forest insect and disease control by improving systems for forecasting, early-warning, monitoring, quarantining of forest insect and disease, enhancing comprehensive control and enlarging biological control.

-Strengthen technology development and extension. China will research and develop technologies for forest fire control and forest insect and disease control; select and breed tree species with high cold-resistance, drought-resistance and pest and disease-resistance to enhance the adaptation capacities of forest vegetations to climate change; develop technologies for biodiversity conservation and restoration, particularly those technologies related to management of forest and wildlife nature reserves, wetland conservation and restoration, and conservation of endangered wild animals and plants to alleviate the impact of climate change on biodiversity; promote technologies for monitoring forest resources and forest ecosystems, including those for forest environments, desertification, wild animals and plants, wetlands, forest fire as well as forest pest and disease; improve monitoring network and management system to enhance forecasting, early-warning and emergency responding capacities.

4.2.3 Water resources

-Enhance water resources management. The government will adopt the principle of harmony between human and nature in water resource management and take more effort to convert farmland back into lake or river course, remove polder dikes for flood way, dredge river channel and lake, and rehabilitate and protect rivers with serious ecological problems while strengthening dike construction and key water control projects; enhance unified management of water resources through basin-wide integration of water resource planning, allocation and management; pay more attention to save, protect and optimize the allocation of water resources; change people's traditional way of considering water resource as inexhaustible; convert water resource allocation approach from demand-based supply to supply-based demand; establish national initial water right allocation and water right transfer systems; develop investment and financing system and management system for key water conservancy projects consistent with the socialist market economy.