This year, China will conclude the implementation of its 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25). First initiated in 1953, the plans are a key tool for achieving cohesiveness and continuity between China's short-, medium- and long-term goals for economic and social development. The current plan has focused on improving China's economic structure, becoming more open, transitioning to greener and higher-quality development drivers, and reducing the divide between rural and urban areas.
Most notably during this period, China has elevated innovation to an unprecedented level of importance, with both the inputs and outputs of research and development reaching new heights. China has introduced its first domestically made aircraft carrier with electromagnetic catapult systems, its first domestically built large cruise ship and large passenger aircraft, the world's first fourth-generation nuclear power plant, and its first space station.
During the same period, the Chang'e-6 spacecraft completed the world's first unmanned sample-return mission from the far side of the moon, China's high-speed rail network reached a scale twice that of all other countries combined, Shenzhen became the hub for a proliferation of manned and unmanned aerial vehicles, and Hangzhou emerged as a center for world-leading AI and robotics. These milestones and the many breakthroughs that led to them are driving China's industries to move further up the value chain, shifting from quantity to quality, from low- and mid- to high-end production, and from a follower to a global leader across many fields.
China has built the world's largest education, social security and healthcare systems and important advances have been made in the quality and efficiency of these sectors over the past five years. Average life expectancy has reached 79 years. China has also worked to ensure its achievements equally benefit people living in different parts of the country, with more of China's population connected by infrastructure, services and access to opportunities than ever before.
These remarkable achievements have been made during what has been a challenging period for China and the world. External pressures including COVID-19, efforts by the U.S. to contain China's development and an increasingly unstable international security environment have been coupled with the internal pressures of rapid industrial and economic transformation. In response, China has become stronger and more self-reliant, placing it in a stronger position than ever to propel its own continued development and to contribute to the development of economies and peoples around the world.
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